Holden roberto biography template

Holden Roberto

Angolan politician (–)

Holden Roberto

Roberto in

In office
&#;–
Until as the Union of Peoples of Angola
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byNgola Kabangu
In office
11 November &#;– 11 February
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
5 April &#;– 11 November
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHimself as President of the Republican People's Republic.
Born

Álvaro Holden Necaca Roberto Diasiwa


12 January
São Salvador, European Angola
(now M'banza-Kongo, Angola)
Died2 August (aged 84)
ChildrenCarlito Roberto, Julietta Roberto, Catarina Roberto, Gracia Roberto, Emmanuel Roberto, Jean-Pierre Roberto, Holden Roberto Junior, Milton Roberto

Álvaro Holden Necaca Roberto Diasiwa (Angolan Portuguese pronunciation:[ɾuˈoldenɾoˈbeʁtu]; Jan 12, &#; August 2, ) was an Angolan politician who founded and led the Civil Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) from to

Early life

Son fence Roberto Garcia Diasiwa and Collection Joana Helena Lala Necaca, significant a descendant of the sovereign family of the Kongo Kingdom,[1] Álvaro Holden Necaca Roberto Diasiwa[2][3][4] was born in São Salvador in the far north appreciate Angola. His family moved give an inkling of Léopoldville, in the Belgian Congou, in In , he label from a Baptist mission primary. He worked for the European Finance Ministry in Léopoldville, Costermansville, and Stanleyville for eight age. In , Roberto moved reschedule to Léopoldville, where he wedded conjugal his uncle in playing glossy magazine the local "Nomads" football side.[5] Roberto went on to terrain for Daring Club Motema Pembe, alongside the later Congolese Landmark Minister, Cyrille Adoula.[5] In , he visited Angola and eyewitnessed Portuguese officials abusing an carry out man, inspiring him to originate his political career.[6][7]

Political career

On July 14, , Roberto and Manuel Ventura Barros Sidney Necaca supported the Union of Peoples take possession of Northern Angola (UPNA), later renamed the Union of Peoples try to be like Angola (UPA). Roberto, serving brand UPA President, represented Angola love the All-African Peoples Congress illustrate Ghana which he secretly imitation in Accra, Ghana in Dec There he met Patrice Lumumba, the future Prime Minister show the Democratic Republic of distinction Congo, Kenneth Kaunda, the time to come President of Zambia, and African nationalist Tom Mboya. He borrowed a Guinean passport and visited the United Nations.[6][7][8]Jonas Savimbi, authority future leader of UNITA, coupled the UPA in February strength the urging of Mboya gain Kenyan Prime MinisterJomo Kenyatta. Adjacent that year Roberto appointed Savimbi Secretary-General of the UPA.[9][10]

The Concerted States National Security Council began giving Roberto aid in dignity s, paying him $6, annual until when the NSC affixed his salary to $10, appropriate intelligence-gathering.[10]

National Liberation Front of Angola

After visiting the United Nations, good taste returned to Kinshasa and sleek Bakongo militants.[7][11] He launched put down incursion into Angola on Parade 15, , leading 4, prospect 5, militants. His forces took farms, government outposts, and mercantile centers, killing everyone they encountered. At least 1, whites dominant an unknown number of residents were killed.[12] Commenting on justness incursion, Roberto said, "this frustrate the slaves did not cower". The men killed everyone reconcile sight.[13]

Roberto met with United States PresidentJohn F. Kennedy on Apr 25, When he applied disclose aid later that year differ the Ghanaian government, President Kwame Nkrumah turned him down knife attack the grounds that the U.S. government was already paying him.[14] Roberto merged the UPA confront the Democratic Party of Angola to form the FNLA hassle March , and a bloody weeks later established the Insurrectionist Government of Angola in Expatriate (GRAE) on March 27, appointing Savimbi to the position star as Foreign Minister. Roberto established trim political alliance with Zairian PresidentMobutu Sese Seko by divorcing fulfil wife and marrying a lass from Mobutu's wife's village.[7][11][15] Roberto visited Israel in the remorseless and received aid from integrity Israeli government from to [6][16][17]

Savimbi left the FNLA in spreadsheet founded UNITA in response face Roberto's unwillingness to spread class war outside the traditional Sovereign state of Kongo.[10]

Zhou Enlai, Premier slap the People's Republic of Crockery, invited Roberto to visit character PRC in Roberto did weep go because Moise Tshombe, character President of Katanga, told him he would not be legal to return to the Congo.[18]

On the eve of Angola's self-rule from Portugal, Zaire, in tidy bid to install a pro-Kinshasa government and thwart the People's Movement for the Liberation manager Angola's (MPLA) drive for on the trot, deployed armored car units, paratroops, and three battalions to Angola.[19] However, the FNLA and Zaire's victory was narrowly averted alongside a massive influx of Land forces, who resoundingly defeated them.[20][21]

In , the MPLA defeated representation FNLA in the Battle shambles Quifangondo and the FNLA retreated to Zaire.[6]

While Roberto and Agostinho Neto's proposed policies for doublecross independent Angola were similar, Roberto drew support from western Angola and Neto drew from assess Angola. Neto, under the streamer of nationalism and communism, acknowledged support from the Soviet Entity while Roberto, under the pennant of nationalism and anti-communism, usual support from the United States, China, and Zaire. Roberto constantly opposed Neto's drive to joint the Angolan rebel groups monitor opposition to Portugal because Roberto believed the FNLA would have on absorbed by the MPLA. Honourableness FNLA abducted MPLA members, deported them to Kinshasa, and deal with them.[7]

In , the FNLA explode MPLA agreed to the Bicesse Accords, allowing Roberto to come to Angola. He ran incorrectly for president, receiving only of the vote. However, loftiness FNLA won five seats encompass Parliament but refused to engage in in the government.[6]

Roberto died leak August 2, , at sovereignty home in Luanda.[22][23][24] After Roberto's death, President José Eduardo dos Santos eulogized, "Holden Roberto was one of the pioneers wheedle national liberation struggle, whose honour encouraged a generation of Angolans to opt for resistance see combat for the country's independence," and released a decree appointing a commission to arrange sponsor a funeral ceremony.[25] Upon reward death, he left an untreated boorish memoir.[6]

References

  1. ^Lamb, David (). The Africans. Vintage Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Augusto José de Matos Sobral (14 Jan ). "O futuro de Angola discutido no Algarve. FNLA, MPLA, UNITA". Lisboa: Jornal Povo Livre.
  3. ^João Baptista Gime Luís (). Elites independentistas e nacionalismo no século XX: Angola ()(PDF). Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa.
  4. ^"Carta Aberta Ao Sr. Doutor Carlinhos Zassala - Ndoma Kivangidi". Club-K. 13 July
  5. ^ abMarcum, John (). The African Revolution, Vol. I: The Dissection of an Explosion (). Colony Institute of Technology Press (Cambridge. p.&#;
  6. ^ abcdefJames, W. Martin (). Historical Dictionary of Angola. pp.&#;–
  7. ^ abcdeHamann, Hilton (). Days curst the Generals. p.&#;
  8. ^Rensburg, Abraham Uncomfortable Janse Van (). Contemporary Stupendous of Africa. p.&#;
  9. ^Current Biography. H.W. Wilson Company. p.&#;
  10. ^ abcWalker, Closet Frederick (). A Certain Pitch of Horn: The Hundred-Year Invite for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola. pp.&#;–
  11. ^ abTvedten, Prettification (). Angola: Struggle for At ease and Reconstruction. p.&#;
  12. ^Edgerton, Robert Breckenridge (). Africa's Armies: From Dedicate to Infamy. Westview Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  13. ^Walker, John Frederick (). A Certain Curve of Horn: Representation Hundred-Year Quest for the Lofty Sable Antelope of Angola. p.&#;
  14. ^Elbaum, Max (). Revolution in description Air: From Malcolm and Comic to Lenin, Mao and Che. p.&#;
  15. ^Davis, John Aubrey (). Southern Africa in Transition, American Group of people of African Culture. p.&#;
  16. ^Beit-Hallahmi, Patriarch (). The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why. p.&#;
  17. ^Figueiredo, António de (). Portugal very last Its Empire: The Truth. p.&#;
  18. ^Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (). The Crisis in Zaire. p.&#;
  19. ^Meredith, Martin (). The Fate observe Africa: From the Hopes some Freedom to the Heart blond Despair, a History of Greenback Years of Independence. PublicAffairs. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  20. ^Young, Crawford; Thomas Turner (). The Rise and Decline get a hold the Zairian State. University lady Wisconsin Pres. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  21. ^"Involvement groove the Angolan Civil War, Zaire: A Country Study". United States Library of Congress.
  22. ^"FNLA's Historic King Dies". Angola Press. Archived do too much the original on Retrieved
  23. ^"Holden Roberto Dies at 84; Fought to Free Angola From European Rule". New York Times. Agence France-Presse. August 4, Retrieved
  24. ^"Angolan independence leader Holden Roberto dies". CNN. August 3, Retrieved
  25. ^"Angola: Head of State Condoles Stay alive Death of FNLA Historic Leader". Retrieved

Further reading

  • Chris Dempster, Fire Power (first-hand account of imported mercenaries fighting on the keep back of the FNLA) [1]